Iodine
Morning with food
Iodine is an essential trace mineral required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism throughout the body. It is found naturally in seafood, seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. Iodine deficiency remains one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.
Research Evidence
Essential for thyroid hormone production and metabolic regulation
StrongPrevents goiter and iodine deficiency disorders
StrongAdequate intake associated with healthy energy metabolism
ModerateCritical for fetal brain development during pregnancy
StrongMay support cognitive function in iodine-deficient populations
ModerateExpert Evidence
8 references from 3 experts
2026
2025
2021
2020
Safety & Cautions
Side Effects
- Metallic taste in mouth
- Nausea or stomach upset at high doses
- Thyroid dysfunction with excessive intake
- Skin rash in sensitive individuals
Iodine is generally safe at recommended doses, but excessive intake (above 1,100 mcg/day for adults) can trigger or worsen thyroid disorders including both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Individuals with autoimmune thyroid conditions such as Hashimoto's should exercise particular caution.
Pairs Well With
